Cultural adaptation and content validity evidence of the Nutritional Literacy Scale Brazilian version.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the evidence of content validity and reliability of the Brazilian version of the Nutritional Literacy Scale (NLS) after the cultural adaptation process. METHODS: Psychometric study of 1,197 users of the National Health Service (Brazilian SUS). The NLS was culturally adapted to Brazilian Portuguese and six items of the original scale were modified to improve its understanding, giving rise to the Brazilian version of the scale named NLS-BR. The analysis of evidence of content validity of the NLS-BR was performed using the Item Response Theory (IRT). RESULTS: The final version of the NLS-BR had 23 items and proved to be adequate to assess nutritional literacy in adults assisted by the Brazilian SUS. FINAL CONSIDERATIONS: The NLS-BR proved to be of adequate understanding and demonstrated evidence of content validity and reliability for users of the Brazilian SUS.

Cultural adaptation and content validity evidence of the Nutritional Literacy Scale Brazilian version / Adaptación cultural y evidencia de la validez de contenido de la Nutritional Literacy Scale versión brasileña / Adaptação cultural e evidências de validade de conteúdo da Nutritional Literacy Scale versão brasileira

ABSTRACT Objective: To investigate the evidence of content validity and reliability of the Brazilian version of the Nutritional Literacy Scale (NLS) after the cultural adaptation process. Methods: Psychometric study of 1,197 users of the National Health Service (Brazilian SUS). The NLS was culturally adapted to Brazilian Portuguese and six items of the original scale were modified to improve its understanding, giving rise to the Brazilian version of the scale named NLS-BR. The analysis of evidence of content validity of the NLS-BR was performed using the Item Response Theory (IRT). Results: The final version of the NLS-BR had 23 items and proved to be adequate to assess nutritional literacy in adults assisted by the Brazilian SUS. Final considerations: The NLS-BR proved to be of adequate understanding and demonstrated evidence of content validity and reliability for users of the Brazilian SUS.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Investigar las evidencias de la validez de contenido y confiabilidad de la versión brasileña de la Nutritional Literacy Scale (NLS) después del proceso de adaptación cultural. Métodos: Estudio psicométrico con 1197 usuarios del Servicio Nacional de Salud (SUS brasileño). La NLS fue adaptada culturalmente al portugués brasileño y seis ítems de la escala original fueron modificados para mejorar su comprensión, dando origen a la versión brasileña de la escala, denominada NLS-BR. El análisis de evidencia de validez de contenido del NLS-BR se realizó utilizando la Teoría de Respuesta al Ítem (TRI). Resultados: La versión final de la escala NLS-BR tenía 23 ítems y se mostró adecuada para evaluar la educación nutricional en adultos atendidos en el SUS brasileño. Consideraciones finales: La escala NLS-BR demostró ser de comprensión adecuada y tener evidencias de validez de contenido y confiabilidad para los usuarios del SUS brasileño.

RESUMO Objetivo: Investigar evidências de validade de conteúdo e confiabilidade da versão brasileira da Nutritional Literacy Scale (NLS) após processo de adaptação cultural. Métodos: Estudo psicométrico com 1197 usuários do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). A NLS foi adaptada culturalmente para a língua portuguesa do Brasil e seis itens da escala original foram modificados para melhorar seu entendimento, originando a versão brasileira da escala, denominada NLS-BR. A análise das evidências de validade de conteúdo da NLS-BR se deu via Teoria de Resposta ao Item (TRI). Resultados: A versão final da NLS-BR ficou com 23 itens e se mostrou adequada para avaliar letramento nutricional em adultos brasileiros atendidos pelo SUS. Considerações finais: A NLS-BR mostrou-se de entendimento adequado, podendo ser considerada com evidências de validade de conteúdo e dotada de confiabilidade para usuários do SUS.

Alcohol use among medical students: a possible risk for future doctors? / Uso de Álcool entre Estudantes de Medicina: um possível risco para futuros médicos?

Introduction: The use of psychoactive drugs in the world population increased until 2011 as well the alcohol consumption of university students. Many studies have appointed factors that may aggravate the problem. Objective: To evaluate the alcohol use by medical students in a private medical institution in Fortaleza, Ceará. Methods: A quantitative, cross-sectional study developed from July of 2015 to May 2016. Two instruments for collecting data were used: one related to socioeconomic, demographic, and nosographic data; and the AUDIT, the most used instrument for evaluating alcohol disturbance. There were 502 students enrolled from the first to the eighth semester. The sample was composed by 384 students, representing 76.5% of the eligible population. Results: The prevalence of risk related to use of alcohol was 36%. 62% of the students were female; 61.9% single; the age average was 22 years. The AUDIT's average score was 6.1 points. The majority of the students (64%) were classified as low risk use or abstinence (Zone I), while others 36% were located in different levels of risk. 37% had a positive family history for alcoholism, and only 28 (7.3%) had mental illness diagnosis. Variables as to being male, non-practicing religious, being sexually active, having a steady partner, concomitant use of tobacco and illicit drugs, living without the parents and hanging out with friends addicted to drinking were found to be risk factors for the abuse of alcohol. Conclusion: Data showed a high prevalence on the studied population in regard to risk related to the use of alcoholic beverages. The gravity of the problem demands health care and educational efforts to face it. Au

Introdução: A prevalência global para uso de substâncias psicoativas esteve em ascensão até 2011. Além do mais, observa-se que é crescente o uso de álcool por estudantes universitários. Fatores têm sido identificados para o agravamento dessa problemática. Objetivo: Avaliar o uso de álcool entre estudantes de medicina de uma instituição de ensino particular em Fortaleza/CE. Métodos: Estudo quantitativo e transversal, realizado de julho de 2015 a maio de 2016, utilizando dois questionários: o primeiro identificou variáveis socioeconômicas, demográficas e nosográficas; e o AUDIT, foi o instrumento mais utilizado para avaliar o distúrbio do álcool. Havia 502 estudantes matriculados do primeiro ao oitavo semestre. A amostra foi composta por 384 estudantes, correspondendo a 76,5% da população elegível. Resultados: A prevalência do risco relatado para o uso do álcool foi 36%. 62% eram do sexo feminino; 61,9% solteiros; média da idade de 22 anos. O escore médio do AUDIT foi de 6,1 pontos. A maioria dos sujeitos (64%) foram classificados como de risco baixo para o uso ou a abstinência (Zona I); os demais, 36%, se situaram em diferentes zonas de risco. 37% deles têm história familiar positiva para alcoolismo, e somente 28 (7,3%) têm diagnóstico de doença mental. As variáveis ser do sexo masculino, não praticante de religião, ser sexualmente ativo, ter parceiro fixo, fazer uso concomitante de tabaco e drogas ilícitas, morar sem os pais e conviver com amigos que bebem são fatores associados para o abuso de álcool. Conclusão: Os dados mostraram alta prevalência na população estudada em risco para o uso de bebidas alcoólicas. A gravidade do problema exige esforços dos cuidados de saúde e educacionais para enfrentá-lo. Au

Quem São os Super-Respondedores à Terapia de Ressincronização Cardíaca? / Who Are the Super-Responders to Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy?

Fundamento: Pacientes submetidos à ressincronização cardíaca podem evoluir com padrões de resposta acima do esperado, com normalização dos parâmetros clínicos e ecocardiográficos. Objetivo: Analisar as características clínicas e ecocardiográficas desta população de super-respondedores, comparando-as com os demais pacientes submetidos à terapia de ressincronização cardíaca. Métodos: Estudo de coorte observacional, prospectivo, envolvendo 146 pacientes, consecutivamente submetidos a implantes de ressincronizador cardíaco. Para comparação das variáveis, foram realizados o teste exato de Fisher e o teste de Mann-Whitney. Foram considerados super-respondedores os pacientes com fração de ejeção > 50 % e classe funcional I/II (New York Heart Association) após 6 meses da terapia de ressincronização cardíaca. Resultados: A idade média foi de 64,8 ± 11,1 anos, sendo 69,8% do sexo masculino, com mediana da fração de ejeção de 29%, sendo 71,5% com bloqueio de ramo esquerdo, 12% com bloqueio de ramo direito associado a bloqueios divisionais; 16,3% com marca-passo cardíaco definitivo, 29,3% com miocardiopatia isquêmica, 59,4% com miocardiopatia dilatada e 11,2% com miocardiopatia chagásica. Foram observados 24 (16,4%) superrespondedores, sendo que 13 (8,9%) apresentaram normalização da fração de ejeção, dos diâmetros diastólicos do ventrículo esquerdo e da classe funcional. Quando comparados com os pacientes não super-respondedores, em relação às características pré-implante, os super-respondedores apresentaram-se mais no sexo feminino (58,3% vs. 22,8%; p = 0,002), maior índice de massa corporal (26,8 vs. 25,5; p = 0,013), maior fração de ejeção basal (31,0 vs. 26,9; p = 0,0003) e menores diâmetros diastólicos do ventrículo esquerdo (65,9 mm vs. 72,6 mm; p = 0,0032). Dez pacientes (41,6% dos super-respondedores) com bloqueio de ramo direito e bloqueio divisional evoluíram como super-respondedores, entretanto apenas um paciente com doença de Chagas e apenas na primeira avaliação. Conclusões: Os super-respondedores apresentaram cardiopatia de base menos avançada e sem diferenças em relação ao tipo de distúrbio de condução basal. Pacientes com bloqueio de ramo direito e bloqueio divisional, mas sem cardiopatia chagásica podem também evoluir como super-respondedores

Background: Patients submitted to cardiac resynchronization may develop response patterns that are higher than expected, with normalization of clinical and echocardiographic parameters. Objective: To analyze the clinical and echocardiographic characteristics of this population of super-responders, comparing them with the other patients submitted to cardiac resynchronization therapy. Methods: A prospective, observational cohort study involving 146 patients consecutively submitted to cardiac resynchronization implants. Fisher's exact test and Mann-Whitney test were performed to compare the variables. Patients with ejection fraction > 50% and functional class I/II (New York Heart Association) were considered super-responders after 6 months of cardiac resynchronization therapy. Results: Mean age was 64.8 ± 11.1 years, with 69.8% of males, with a median ejection fraction of 29%, 71.5% with left bundle-branch block, 12% with right bundle-branch block associated with hemiblocks; 16.3% wearing a definitive cardiac pacemaker, 29.3% with ischemic cardiomyopathy, 59.4% with dilated cardiomyopathy, and 11.2% with Chagasic cardiomyopathy. Twenty-four (16.4%) super-responders were observed, and 13 (8.9%) showed normalization of the ejection fraction, left ventricular diastolic diameters and functional class. When compared to the non-super-responder patients, in relation to the pre-implantation characteristics, the super-responders were more often females (58.3% vs. 22.8%, p = .002), had higher body mass index (26.8 vs. 25.5, p = 0.013), higher baseline ejection fraction (31.0 vs. 26.9, p = 0.0003), and lower left ventricular diastolic diameters (65.9 mm vs. 72.6 mm, p = 0.0032). Ten patients (41.6% of super-responders) with right bundle-branch block and hemiblock progressed to super-responders, although there was only one patient with Chagas' disease among them, and only at the first assessment. Conclusions: Super-responders had less advanced heart disease at baseline and no differences regarding the type of conduction disorder at baseline. Patients with right bundle-branch block and hemiblock, but without Chagasic heart disease may also progress as super-responders

Small (autonomic) and large fiber neuropathy in Parkinson disease and parkinsonism.

BACKGROUND: Recent studies have reported that peripheral neuropathy (PN) is common in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) and raised the possibility that levodopa neurotoxicity is the main culprit. METHODS: We evaluated the presence of large & small (autonomic) fiber PN in 54 consecutive patients with PD or parkinsonism in a tertiary outpatient clinic from Brazil. Initial PN screening consisted of history/neurological exam and skin wrinkling test (SWT). In addition, we also performed Nerve conduction studies/Electromyography (NCS/EMG) in all patients with PN signs/symptoms and/or abnormal SWT. RESULTS: Thirty eight patients with PD (10 women, mean age: 63 ± 2.1 years, P < 0.05 versus parkinsonism, mean disease duration: 8 ± 0.8 years) and 16 patients with other forms of parkinsonism [7 women, mean age: 50.1 ± 3.9 years, mean disease duration: 6.9 ± 1.1 years] completed clinical neuromuscular evaluation. SWT was performed in 48 patients (33 PD, 15 parkinsonism). In the PD group, SWT was abnormal in 57.6% of the tested patients (comprising 50% of all PD patients). In the parkinsonism group, SWT was abnormal in 37.5% (comprising 35.3% of all parkinsonism patients). NCS/EMG was performed in 39 patients (26 PD and 13 parkinsonism). Twelve out of the 26 PD (34.2% of all PD) and 4 out of the 13 parkinsonism (23.5% of all parkinsonism) had abnormal NCS/EMG results. Neuropathy prevalence was similar in PD and parkinsonism groups as detected either by NCS/EMG or SWT. CONCLUSIONS: Large fiber and small (autonomic) fiber PN are common in patients with PD and parkinsonism. The etiology for the neuropathy was likely to be multifactorial and may be secondary to PD itself.

Coronary flow velocity reserve during dobutamine stress echocardiography.

BACKGROUND: A coronary flow velocity reserve (CFVR)≥2 is adequate to infer a favorable prognosis or the absence of significant coronary artery disease. OBJECTIVE: To identify parameters which are relevant to obtain CFVR (adequate or inadequate) in the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) during dobutamine stress echocardiography (DSE). METHODS: 100 patients referred for detection of myocardial ischemia by DSE were evaluated; they were instructed to discontinue the use of ß-blockers 72 hours prior to the test. CFVR was calculated as a ratio of the diastolic peak velocity (cm/s) (DPV) on DSE (DPV-DSE) to baseline DPV at rest (DPV-Rest). In group I, CFVR was <2 and, in group II, CFVR was ≥2. The Fisher's exact test and Student's t test were used for the statistical analyses. P values<0.05 were considered statistically significant. RESULTS: At rest, the time (in seconds) to obtain Doppler in LAD in groups I and II was not different (53±31 vs. 45±32; p=0.23). During DSE, LAD was recorded in 92 patients. Group I patients were older (65.9±9.3 vs. 61.2±10.8 years; p=0.04), had lower ejection fraction (61±10 vs. 66±6%; p=0.005), higher DPV-Rest (36.81±08 vs. 25.63±06 cm/s; p<0.0001) and lower CFVR (1.67±0.24 vs. 2.53±0.57; p<0.0001), but no difference was observed regarding DPVDSE (61.40±16 vs. 64.23±16 cm/s; p=0.42). ß-blocker discontinuation was associated with a 4-fold higher chance of a CFVR<2 (OR= 4; 95% CI [1.171-13.63], p=0.027). CONCLUSION: DPV-Rest was the main parameter to determine an adequate CFVR. ß-blocker discontinuation was significantly associated with inadequate CFVR. The high feasibility and the time to record the LAD corroborate the use of this methodology.

Reserva de Velocidade de Fluxo Coronariano durante o Ecocardiograma sob Estresse com Dobutamina / Coronary Flow Velocity Reserve during Dobutamine Stress Echocardiography

Fundamento: A reserva de velocidade de fluxo coronariano (RVFC) ≥ 2 é adequada para inferir bom prognóstico ou ausência de coronariopatia importante. Objetivo: Identificar parâmetros relevantes na obtenção da RVFC (adequada ou inadequada) na descendente anterior (ADA), durante o ecocardiograma sob estresse com dobutamina (EED). Métodos: Avaliação de 100 pacientes encaminhados para pesquisa de isquemia miocárdica através do EED, orientados para suspender o betabloqueador 72 horas antes do exame. Calculou-se a RVFC pela divisão do pico de velocidade (cm/s) diastólica (PVD) verificado no EED (PVD-EED) pelo de repouso (PVD-REP). No grupo I, a RVFC < 2 e no grupo II a RVFC ≥ 2. Foram utilizados o teste t de Student e o exato de Fisher. Significância estatística quando p < 0,05. Resultados: Em repouso, o tempo (segundos) para obter o Doppler na ADA nos grupos I e II não diferiu (53 ± 31 vs. 45 ± 32; p = 0,23). No EED, registrou-se a ADA em 92 pacientes. O grupo I evidenciou pacientes mais velhos (65,9 ± 9,3 vs. 61,2 ± 10,8 anos; p = 0,04), menor fração de ejeção (61 ± 10 vs. 66 ± 6%; p = 0,005), maior PVD-REP (36,81 ± 08 vs. 25,63 ± 06 cm/s; p < 0,0001) e menor RVFC (1,67 ± 0,24 vs. 2,53 ± 0,57; p < 0,0001), entretanto o PVD-EED não diferiu (61,40 ± 16 vs. 64,23 ± 16 cm/s; p = 0,42). A suspensão do betabloqueador associou-se à chance 4 vezes maior de ocorrer RVFC < 2 (OR = 4; 95% IC [1,171 - 13,63], p = 0,027). Conclusão: O PVD-REP foi o principal parâmetro para determinar uma RVFC adequada. A suspensão do betabloqueador associou-se significativamente com RVFC inadequada. A elevada exequibilidade e o tempo para registro da ADA favorecem a utilização dessa metodologia. .

Background: A coronary flow velocity reserve (CFVR) ≥ 2 is adequate to infer a favorable prognosis or the absence of significant coronary artery disease. Objective: To identify parameters which are relevant to obtain CFVR (adequate or inadequate) in the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) during dobutamine stress echocardiography (DSE). Methods: 100 patients referred for detection of myocardial ischemia by DSE were evaluated; they were instructed to discontinue the use of β-blockers 72 hours prior to the test. CFVR was calculated as a ratio of the diastolic peak velocity (cm/s) (DPV) on DSE (DPV-DSE) to baseline DPV at rest (DPV-Rest). In group I, CFVR was < 2 and, in group II, CFVR was ≥ 2. The Fisher's exact test and Student's t test were used for the statistical analyses. P values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: At rest, the time (in seconds) to obtain Doppler in LAD in groups I and II was not different (53±31 vs. 45±32; p=0.23). During DSE, LAD was recorded in 92 patients. Group I patients were older (65.9±9.3 vs. 61.2±10.8 years; p=0.04), had lower ejection fraction (61±10 vs. 66±6%; p=0.005), higher DPV-Rest (36.81±08 vs. 25.63 ± 06cm/s; p<0.0001) and lower CFVR (1.67 ± 0.24 vs. 2.53 ± 0.57; p<0.0001), but no difference was observed regarding DPVDSE (61.40±16 vs. 64.23±16cm/s; p=0.42). β-blocker discontinuation was associated with a 4-fold higher chance of a CFVR < 2 (OR= 4; 95% CI [1.171-13.63], p=0.027). Conclusion: DPV-Rest was the main parameter to determine an adequate CFVR. β-blocker discontinuation was significantly associated with inadequate CFVR. The high feasibility and the time to record the LAD corroborate the use of this methodology. .

The spectrum of non alcoholic fatty liver disease in morbidly obese patients: prevalence and associate risk factors.

PURPOSE: To determine the prevalence of non alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and non alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) in morbidly obese patients undergoing bariatric surgery and to identify risk factors associated with the disease spectrum. METHODS: Liver biopsy was performed in 60 patients who underwent bariatric surgery, after other causes of liver disease were excluded. Clinical, biochemical and histological features were evaluated. RESULTS: NAFLD was detected in fifty-seven patients (95%) of the sample and forty patients (66.7%) of the total sample met the criteria for NASH. Perisinusoidal fibrosis was only found in three (7.5%) patients with NASH. The γGT was an independent predictive factor associated with the degree of hepatic steatosis. The variables such as dyslipidemia and ALT were independently associated with the presence of Mallory's corpuscles with the following values, respectively, OR 0, 05, 95% CI 0.002 to 0.75, P = 0.031 and OR 10, 99, 95% CI 1.44 to 83.93, P = 0.021. CONCLUSIONS: Non alcoholic fatty liver disease seems to be an obese-related condition with approximately half of asymptomatic morbidly obese patients having histological NASH. The γGT was an independent predictor of the degree of steatosis.

The spectrum of non alcoholic fatty liver disease in morbidly obese patients: prevalence and associate risk factors

PURPOSE: To determine the prevalence of non alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and non alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) in morbidly obese patients undergoing bariatric surgery and to identify risk factors associated with the disease spectrum. METHODS: Liver biopsy was performed in 60 patients who underwent bariatric surgery, after other causes of liver disease were excluded. Clinical, biochemical and histological features were evaluated. RESULTS: NAFLD was detected in fifty-seven patients (95%) of the sample and forty patients (66.7%) of the total sample met the criteria for NASH. Perisinusoidal fibrosis was only found in three (7.5%) patients with NASH. The γGT was an independent predictive factor associated with the degree of hepatic steatosis. The variables such as dyslipidemia and ALT were independently associated with the presence of Mallory's corpuscles with the following values, respectively, OR 0, 05, 95% CI 0.002 to 0.75, P = 0.031 and OR 10, 99, 95% CI 1.44 to 83.93, P = 0.021. CONCLUSIONS: Non alcoholic fatty liver disease seems to be an obese-related condition with approximately half of asymptomatic morbidly obese patients having histological NASH. The γGT was an independent predictor of the degree of steatosis.

Avaliação do programa de controle da doença de Chagas no estado do Ceará: período de gestão federal, 1975 a 2002. / Evaluation of the Chagas? disease control program in Ceará state: federal management period, 1975 to 2002.

O Programa de Controle da Doença de Chagas (PCDCh) foi implantado no Ceará em 1975. Entretanto, não houve avaliação sistemática do Programa e seu impacto no controle vetorial. Objetivou-se avaliar a estrutura?processo e o impacto do PCDCh no período de Gestão Federal (1975-2002) do Programa. Foi realizada uma pesquisa avaliativa, através do levantamento das informações registradas nos relatórios anuais de atividades do PCDCh da Fundação Nacional de Saúde ? FUNASA no Estado do Ceará e através de entrevista aberta não estruturada com Gestores do Programa. Os indicadores para o estudo foram os seguintes: índices de dispersão (localidades positivas), infestação vetorial (na Unidade Domiciliar e no Intradomicílio), cobertura de localidades e UD?s nas atividades de pesquisa e borrifação e principais espécies capturadas. Foi apresentada a metodologia do PCDCh aplicada no Ceará através de uma descrição das atividades do programa. As principais espécies encontradas foram: Triatoma brasiliensis, Triatoma pseudomaculata, Panstrongylus megistus, Rhodnius nasutus e Panstrongylus lutzi. Conclui-se que houve, durante os 27 anos de atividade do PCDCh, cobertura elevada das atividades do programa em todo o território cearense. Houve diminuição considerável no índice de infestação em alguns municípios, embora não tenha sido verificado impacto na dispersão do vetor.

The Chagas? disease control program (CDCP) was implemented in Ceará state on 1975. However, there hasn?t been a systematic evaluation of the program activities and its impact on vector control. This research aimed to evaluate the structureprocess and impact of the CDCP in the federal management period, from 1975 to 2002. We conducted an evaluational study through the survey of information collected in the CDCP activities annual reports by the Fundação Nacional de Saúde (FUNASA ? national health foundation) in Ceará from 1975 to 2002 and through open non-structured interviews with program managers. The indicators assessed were: indexes of dispersion (positive locations), vectorial infestation (at domiciliary units and inside domiciliary environments), locations and domiciliary units coverage in research activities and spraying, and main captured species. The methodology of CDCP applied at Ceará state was presented by a description of the program activities. The main species were: Triatoma brasiliensis, Triatoma pseudomaculata, Panstrongylus megistus, Rhodnius nasutus and Panstrongylus lutzi. We conclude that during the 27 years of activities of the CDCP, there was a high coverage of the program activities in the whole state. There was a significant reduction in the infestation index in some municipalities, although there has been no significant impact on the dispersion of the vectors.

[Residual effect of commercial applications of larvicides temefos and Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis on Aedes aegypti larvae in recipients with water renewal]. / Efeito residual de apresentações comerciais dos larvicidas temefos e Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis sobre larvas de Aedes aegypti em recipientes com renovação de água.

The residual effect of temefos (commercial applications A, B and C) and Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (D and E) on Aedes aegypti larvae was evaluated, in recipients with water renewal. Forty-four beakers of 1,000ml each (8 for each application and 4 controls) were used. In each beaker, 25 larvae were introduced daily. After 24 hours, the dead larvae were counted, the beakers emptied to 200ml and refilled to original volume, with addition of new larvae. The duration of the maximum residual effect (100% of mortality) was: A-19; B-39; C-40; D-8; E-19 days. The mortality ratio of all applications remained equivalent for 25 days; B, C and E maintained MR equivalent up to 45 days; B and C showed MR 2.40 times greater than E, between 46-95 days; B, compared with A, showed MR 1.90-7.51 times greater between 26-95 days. The conclusion was greater effectiveness of two presentations of temefos, even in an epidemiological situation with long exposure to the product and renewal of water in recipients.

Efeito residual de apresentações comerciais dos larvicidas temefos e Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis sobre larvas de Aedes aegypti em recipientes com renovação de água / Residual effect of commercial applications of larvicides temefos and Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis on Aedes aegypti larvae in recipients with water renewal

Avaliou-se o efeito residual do temefos (apresentações comerciais A, B, C) e Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (D e E) sobre larvas de Aedes aegypti, em recipientes com renovação de água. Utilizaram-se 44 béqueres de 1.000ml (8 para cada apresentação e 4 controles). Em cada béquer introduziram-se diariamente 25 larvas. Após 24 horas, contavam-se as larvas mortas, esvaziavam-se os béqueres até 200ml, repunha-se o volume original e acrescentavam-se novas larvas. A duração do efeito residual máximo (100 por cento de mortalidade) foi: A-19; B-39; C-40; D-8; E-19 dias. A razão de mortalidade permaneceu equivalente entre todos os larvicidas durante 25 dias; B e C mostraram RM 2,40 vezes maior do que E entre 46-95 dias; B, comparado com A, mostrou RM 1,90-7,51 vezes maior entre 26-95 dias. Conclui-se pela maior eficácia de duas apresentações do temefos, mesmo em uma situação epidemiológica de longa exposição ao produto e com renovação de água dos recipientes.

Tratamentos focais e totais com inseticidas de açäo residual para o controle de Triatoma brasiliensis e Triatoma pseudomaculata no Nordeste brasileiro / Focal and total residual insecticide spraying to control Triatoma brasiliensis and Triatoma pseudomaculata in Northeast Brazil

Para controle eficiente dos triatomíneos Triatoma brasiliensis e Triatoma pseudomaculata, foi feito um ensaio de campo em Boa Viagem, Ceará, de modo a comparar a borrifaçäo convencional versus tratamento focal com deltametrina 5 por cento SC, dose 25 mg i.a./m2 e o organofosforao malation lenta liberaçäo 8.3 por cento SR, dose 2g i.a./m2. O ensaio incluiu aleatoriamente 1.541 casas, separadas em quatro grupos. Em dois deles foi aplicada borrifaçäo focal - tratmento PT com deltametrina dentro das casas e no peridomicílio e PL que recebeu malation lenta liberaçäo nas mesmas circunstâncias. Os outros dois tiveram tratamento convencional, isto é, aplicaçäo total - PT com deltametrina no intra e peridomicílio e PL, tratado com deltametrina dentro das casas e malation lenta liberaçäo no peridomicílio. As avaliaçöes entomológicas aos 6 e 12 meses pós-tratamentos mostraram melhor resultado para o tratamento misto, grupo PL, provavelmente em decorrência da boa perfomance do piretróide dentro das casas e da formulaçäo de lenta liberaçäo nas condiçöes hostis do peridomicílio. Os abrigos dos animais domésticos sofreram modificaçöes ao longo do ano, colaborando com a reduçäo da perfomance dos inseticidas no peridomicílio.